Pesticides
Weedicide
4-D Amine Salt 58% S.L.
- Type: Soluble Liquid (SL)
- Active Ingredient (a.i.): 2,4-D Amine Salt
- Concentration: 58% w/w (≈ 480 g a.i./L)
- Systemic, selective, post-emergence herbicide.
- Absorbed through leaves and roots, translocated by xylem and phloem.
- Mimics natural auxin (Indole Acetic Acid) → causes abnormal growth, epinasty, leaf curl, stem twisting → plant death.
- Selective to cereals and grasses; broadleaf weeds highly susceptible.
- Wheat
- Maize
- Sorghum
- Sugarcane
- Barley
- Rice (directed spray only)
- Non-crop areas (fallow land, roadsides, bunds, railways, etc.)
Broadleaf weeds:
- Amaranthus spp. (Pigweed)
- Chenopodium album (Bathua)
- Convolvulus arvensis (Bindweed)
- Xanthium strumarium (Cocklebur)
- Parthenium hysterophorus (Congress grass)
- Cyperus rotundus (partial suppression only)
| Wheat | 500–1000 g | 0.9–1.7 L |
| Maize | 500–750 g | 0.9–1.3 L |
| Sorghum | 500–1000 g | 0.9–1.7 L |
| Sugarcane | 1000–1500 g | 1.7–2.6 L |
| Non-crop land | 1000–1500 g | 1.7–2.6 L |
- Spray volume: 400–500 L water/ha
- Apply 20–35 DAS in cereals when weeds are young (2–4 leaf stage).
- Knapsack sprayer or tractor-mounted boom sprayer.
- Apply uniformly over crop field.
- For sugarcane: directed spray between rows.
- Avoid spray drift to nearby sensitive crops (cotton, tomato, pulses, vegetables, grapes).
- Cost-effective and widely used herbicide.
- Selective to cereals and grasses.
- Controls a wide range of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds.
- Systemic action → kills both aerial and underground parts (partially for perennials).
- Compatible with certain grassy weed herbicides for broad-spectrum weed control.
Fungicide
Azoxystrobin 4.8% + Chlorothalonil 40% SC
- Type: Suspension Concentrate (SC)
- Active Ingredients (a.i.):
- Azoxystrobin – 4.8% w/w
- Chlorothalonil – 40% w/w
- Total a.i.: 44.8%
- Azoxystrobin (Strobilurin fungicide):
- Systemic, translaminar action.
- Inhibits fungal respiration by blocking electron transport in cytochrome bc1 complex.
- Prevents spore germination and mycelial growth.
- Chlorothalonil (Contact fungicide):
- Broad-spectrum, multi-site inhibitor of fungal enzymes.
- Prevents spore germination and disease spread on leaf surface.
- Combination: Provides systemic + contact action → preventive & curative, lowers risk of resistance.
- Grapes
- Tomato
- Potato
- Chili
- Onion
- Cucurbits (melon, cucumber, pumpkin)
- Pulses
- Wheat (where registered)
- Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola)
- Late blight (Phytophthora infestans)
- Early blight (Alternaria solani)
- Leaf spots (Alternaria, Cercospora)
- Anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.)
- Rusts (on pulses, cereals)
Crop | Target Disease | Formulation Dose | Water Volume |
Grapes | Downy mildew | 600–800 ml/ha | 500–600 L |
Tomato/Potato | Late blight, Early blight | 600–800 ml/ha | 500–600 L |
Chili/Onion | Anthracnose, Leaf spot | 600–800 ml/ha | 500–600 L |
Pulses | Rusts, Leaf spots | 500–700 ml/ha | 400–500 L |
- First spray at disease appearance; repeat at 10–12 day intervals.
- Maximum 2–3 sprays per season to avoid resistance build-up.
- Foliar spray using knapsack or tractor-mounted sprayers.
- Ensure uniform coverage on upper and lower leaf surfaces.
- Avoid spraying during hot sun, strong winds, or rains.
- Dual mode of action: systemic + contact → reliable disease management.
- Broad-spectrum activity against many fungal pathogens.
- Helps manage resistance risk compared to single fungicides.
- Protects new growth (systemic) and exposed foliage (contact).
- Longer protection period compared to contact fungicides alone.
Insecticide
Cypermethrin 3% + Quinalphos 20% EC
- Type: Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC)
- Active Ingredients:
- Cypermethrin – 3% w/v
- Quinalphos – 20% w/v
- Chemical Groups:
- Cypermethrin → Synthetic pyrethroid (modulates sodium channels)
- Quinalphos → Organophosphate (acetylcholinesterase inhibitor)
- Quinalphos: Inhibits acetylcholinesterase in insects → accumulation of acetylcholine → paralysis and death.
- Cypermethrin: Alters sodium channels in insect nerve cells → hyperexcitation → rapid knockdown.
- Combined Effect: Broad-spectrum insecticide with quick knockdown (Cypermethrin) + residual systemic action (Quinalphos).
- Cotton
- Rice (Paddy)
- Maize
- Vegetables (Tomato, Brinjal, Chili, Okra)
- Oilseeds (Groundnut, Sunflower)
- Pulses (Soybean, Chickpea)
- Chewing Pests: Caterpillars, bollworms, armyworms, leaf folders
- Sucking Pests: Aphids, jassids, whiteflies, thrips, planthoppers
- Soil Pests: Termites, white grubs, cutworms
Crop | Target Pest | Formulation Dose | Water Volume | Interval |
Cotton | Bollworm, aphids, jassids, whiteflies | 500–700 ml/acre (1250–1750 ml/ha) | 200–250 L/acre | 10–14 days |
Rice | Leaf folder, stem borer, planthopper | 500–700 ml/acre | 200 L/acre | 10–12 days |
Vegetables | Caterpillars, aphids, whiteflies | 400–600 ml/acre | 200–250 L/acre | 10–14 days |
Maize/Pulses | Armyworm, leaf feeders | 500 ml/acre | 200 L/acre | As needed |
- Apply at pest threshold; maximum 2–3 sprays per crop cycle.
- Dual-action insecticide: Fast knockdown (Cypermethrin) + residual control (Quinalphos).
- Broad-spectrum control of sucking, chewing, and soil pests.
- Reduces crop damage and improves yield.
- Economical due to combined formulation.
- Compatible with IPM programs if used judiciously.
- Dual mode of action: systemic + contact → reliable disease management.
- Broad-spectrum activity against many fungal pathogens.
- Helps manage resistance risk compared to single fungicides.
- Protects new growth (systemic) and exposed foliage (contact).
- Longer protection period compared to contact fungicides alone.
Insecticide
Dinotefuran 15% + Pymetrozine 45% WG
- Type: Water Dispersible Granules (WG)
- Active Ingredients:
- Dinotefuran – 15% w/w (neonicotinoid, systemic insecticide)
- Pymetrozine – 45% w/w (pyridine azomethine derivative, selective sucking pest insecticide)
- Mode: Systemic + contact action against sucking pests
- Dinotefuran: Acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in insect nerve cells → over-stimulation → paralysis → death.
- Pymetrozine: Inhibits feeding behavior of piercing-sucking pests → starvation and population suppression.
- Combined Effect: Rapid knockdown of adults (Dinotefuran) + feeding inhibition of nymphs and adults (Pymetrozine) → effective control of whiteflies, aphids, and planthoppers.
- Rice (Paddy)
- Cotton
- Vegetables (Tomato, Brinjal, Chili)
- Fruits (Apple, Citrus, Grapes, Mango)
- Ornamentals
- Sucking pests:
- Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci)
- Aphids (Aphis spp.)
- Jassids / Leafhoppers
- Thrips
- Effective on both nymphs and adults
Crop | Formulation Dose | Water Volume | Spray Interval |
Cotton | 150–200 g/acre (375–500 g/ha) | 200–250 L/acre | 10–12 days |
Rice | 150–200 g/acre | 200 L/acre | 10–14 days |
Vegetables | 150–200 g/acre | 200–250 L/acre | 10–12 days |
Fruits | 150–200 g/acre | 200–250 L/acre | 10–14 days |
- Apply at first sign of infestation or at ETL (economic threshold level).
- Maximum 2–3 sprays per crop cycle recommended.
- Foliar spray using knapsack or power sprayers.
- WG formulation → disperse thoroughly in water to form a uniform suspension before spraying.
- Ensure full coverage of upper and lower leaf surfaces.
- Avoid spraying under extreme heat or rain.
- Dual-action insecticide: Fast-acting systemic + selective feeding inhibitor.
- Controls both adults and nymphs → reduces pest population quickly.
- Broad crop compatibility → vegetables, fruits, cotton, rice.
- Water-dispersible granules → easy to handle, store, and apply.
- Can be rotated with other insecticides for resistance management.
Insecticide
Dinotefuran 20% W/W SG
- Type: Soluble Granules (SG)
- Active Ingredient (a.i.): Dinotefuran – 20% w/w
- Chemical Group: Neonicotinoid insecticide
- Mode: Systemic insecticide with contact and stomach action
- Acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in insect nervous system → overstimulation → paralysis → death.
- Rapid knockdown of adults and larvae of sucking pests.
- Systemic action → absorbed by roots and leaves → protects new growth.
- Translaminar activity → penetrates leaf tissues for extended protection.
- Rice (Paddy)
- Cotton
- Vegetables (Tomato, Brinjal, Chili, Okra)
- Fruits (Apple, Citrus, Grapes, Mango, Pomegranate)
- Ornamentals
- Sucking pests:
- Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci)
- Aphids (Aphis spp.)
- Leafhoppers / Jassids
- Thrips
- Effect on larvae and adult stages
| Crop | Formulation Dose | Water Volume | Spray Interval |
| Cotton / Vegetables | 100–150 g/acre (250–375 g/ha) | 200–250 L/acre | 10–14 days |
| Rice | 100–150 g/acre | 200 L/acre | 10–12 days |
| Fruits | 100–150 g/acre | 200–250 L/acre | 10–14 days |
- Apply at first sign of infestation or when pest population exceeds ETL.
Maximum 2–3 sprays per crop cycle recommended.
- Foliar spray using knapsack or power sprayers.
- SG formulation → dissolve completely in water to form a clear solution before spraying.
- Ensure complete coverage of upper and lower leaf surfaces.
- Avoid spraying under direct sunlight or before rain.
- Systemic and fast-acting insecticide → protects treated and new growth.
- Effective against both nymphs and adults of sucking pests.
- Soluble granules → easy to handle, mix, and store.
- Broad crop compatibility → vegetables, fruits, cotton, rice, ornamentals.
- Can be rotated with other insecticides to manage resistance.


